What is the primary limiting factor for crop productivity in the Midwest?

Soil moisture availability is the primary limiting factor for crop productivity in the Midwest due to the region's climate, which can experience significant variations in precipitation. Adequate soil moisture is essential for crops to thrive because it directly influences their ability to absorb nutrients, perform photosynthesis, and maintain turgor pressure for growth.

In the Midwest, the growing season typically coincides with critical periods for rainfall. If moisture is inadequate during key growth stages—such as germination, flowering, or grain fill—crops can suffer from stress, leading to reduced yields. Furthermore, while nutrients, pests, and labor are important factors for crop success, they can often be managed or mitigated through various agricultural practices. However, without sufficient moisture, these practices may not fully realize their potential, as plants cannot utilize nutrients or fend off pests effectively if they are stressed due to water shortages. Thus, soil moisture emerges as the primary constraint to maximizing productivity in this agricultural region.