What are the signs of over-irrigation in crops?

The signs of over-irrigation in crops include wilting, yellowing leaves, and root rot. This occurs because too much water in the soil can displace air in the root zone, leading to anaerobic conditions that hinder root respiration. When roots cannot take up oxygen effectively, plants may exhibit wilting despite adequate water saturation, as the roots begin to decline in health. Additionally, yellowing leaves often signify nutrient deficiencies that can result from waterlogged conditions, as nutrients may leach away or become unavailable to the plants. Root rot is a direct consequence of excess moisture, fostering disease organisms that attack the roots and limit overall plant health.

In contrast, rapid growth and increased leaf size indicate healthy conditions—typically a sign of proper irrigation or nutrient availability—rather than over-irrigation. A thick layer of mulch can help retain soil moisture and prevent weed growth but does not directly indicate over-irrigation. Healthy green foliage and blooming flowers represent the ideal condition for crops and would not be associated with over-irrigation scenarios. Thus, the symptoms in the correct answer clearly align with the negative effects resulting from excessive water application.