If conventional fields show reduced emergence after heavy rains, but no-till fields do not, what is a likely problem?

The observation that conventional fields exhibit reduced emergence after heavy rains while no-till fields do not suggests that the issue is likely linked to soil structure and surface conditions. In conventional tillage systems, the soil is often disturbed and worked excessively, which can lead to the formation of a hard crust on the soil surface. This crust can inhibit seedling emergence by creating a barrier that is difficult for seedlings to penetrate.

In contrast, no-till practices leave the soil structure intact and promote better water infiltration and retention, which helps maintain a more favorable environment for seed germination and emergence. The no-till approach minimizes the risk of crusting that occurs with overworked soil.

By recognizing that the crusting is a result of the soil's condition after conventional tillage, this highlights how specific cultivation practices can influence seedling health and emergence when faced with heavy rainfall situations.